Any properly rated USB port can supply 5V at 500mA.
A USB Audio interface will take no more than that.
Any USB audio interface with phantom power has a little inverter circuit inside that steps up the 5V input to 48V for the mic inputs.
The phantom power circuits only take a tiny amount of power, the interface electronics are the main load.
Any decent quality laptop should be able to run one without problems.
It may need to have the charger connected if the laptop USB ports are power-limited or badly designed.
Some interfaces have an option to also connect a DC supply (eg. 5V, 9V or 12V etc. depending on model) straight to them; that's the best option if your interface has that facility and there are any problems with the laptop.
eg. https://nantelmusique.ca/repository/product/HiRes/RO-UA22-2.JPG
Alternately, get a powered USB hub. The power unit that comes with that then that provides power for connected USB devices and the laptop is purely a data connection to the hub.
eg. https://www.amazon.com/Sabrent-Individual-Switches-included-HB-UMP3/dp/B00TPMEOYM/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1531641481&sr=8-4&keywords=powered+usb+hub
Get the audio interface first ant try it. If it works OK, that's it. You only have to consider other power systems if it has problems.
ps. Use the shortest, thickest USB cable you can from the interface - a too-long or too-thin cable can mess things up than need near maximum power.
As long as the audio interface has phantom capability, you do _not_ need and should not use a separate phantom supply.